1-18-11
Around 700BC, Etruscans in northern Italy made dentures out of human or animal teeth. Although these materials deteriorated quickly, the dentures were easy to produce and remained popular until the mid 1800s. An important contributor to denture development was dietary changes. Sugar was the main culprit in increased tooth decay during the 18th Century. With the industrialization of Victorian England, between 1860 and 1890, British per capita sugar consumption increased 500 percent.
Ivory dentures were popular in the 1700s, made from natural materials including walrus, elephant, or hippopotamus.
 One of the most famous early denture wearers was the first U.S. President, George Washington. Contrary to popular belief, however, Washington's dentures were not made of wood. Washington sported some of the highest quality false teeth of the time, consisting of a denture plate made of carved hippopotamus ivory into which human teeth (along with parts of both horse and donkey teeth) were fitted. Around 1774, Alexis Duchâteau crafted the first porcelain dentures. But these were prone to chip and also tended to appear too white to be convincing. Human teeth, or "Waterloo teeth"-- named for dead soldiers' teeth plucked from the battlefield after the 1815 Battle of Waterloo-- were in higher demand. Waterloo teeth were riveted into the base of animal ivory.
In 1820, a Westminster silversmith and goldsmith named Claudius Ash was asked to craft new and improved dentures. At the time, most false teeth were still made from ivory (which was prone to discoloring) or from human teeth. The real teeth were extracted from soldiers' corpses or executed criminals, procured by grave-robbers, or even obtained from direct sale by the desperately impoverished. (What conclusions might one draw from a comparison to modern black market organ sale?) Claudius Ash mounted porcelain on 18-karat gold plates, with gold springs and swivels. These new dentures were superior both aesthetically and functionally to the older models. Still improving, from the 1850s onward, dentures were made of Vulcanite, a form of hardened rubber into which porcelain teeth were set. Claudius Ash’s company was the leading European manufacturer of dental Vulcanite. In the 20th century, acrylic resin and other plastics became materials of choice.
-@BodiesExhibit |
1-17-11
Nowadays, Americans average less than the recommended 8 hours of sleep per night. A nightcap, or drink taken before bed, is thought by many to help with sleep. However, alcohol actually interferes negatively with sleep as your body processes it. Throw an energy drink mixer in and it is chemically worse news for your rest. "Just as with caffeine, your brain proves remarkably adept at adapting itself and responding to the ethanol molecules jamming up its receptors and interfering with neuron firings. It takes a bit for the brain to catch up, though." (Braun's Buzz via Lifehacker)
The brain's receptors and pathways try to reclaim equilibrium, which can wreak havoc on general resting and on crucial REM sleep. REM stands for rapid eye movement - it is the stage of sleep during which the brain gets its most critical rest and rejuvenation. If you've had caffeine, too, this adds to the situation. Caffeine is a drug that can take up to 5 hours to break down half a dose. Throw caffeine into the mix (as many fans of vodka Red Bull mixed drinks do) while your brain is trying to compensate for alcohol, and the combined "revenge" of both drugs can lead to some fairly restless sleep.
-@BodiesExhibit |
12-15-10
German researchers at Charite-University Medicine Berlin have reported curing a man of HIV. In 2007, doctors treated the patient for acute myeloid leukemia by wiping out his own immune system with high-dose chemo, radiation, and a stem-cell transplant. At this time, he ceased taking anti-HIV medication. His leukemia relapsed in 2008 and he underwent a second round of these treatments, including more stem-cells from the same donor. Today, the patient shows no signs of leukemia or HIV replication.
However, his case was unique and does not indicate a universal cure: The donor had a highly rare HIV-resistant inherited gene mutation; wiping out an immune system is hazardous and only ideal for those in good health; and stem cell transplants would cost hundreds of thousands of dollars for most people. While this is promising and exciting research, pragmatically, AIDS researchers do not see it impacting treatment today.
The World Health Organization estimates that 33.4 million people have HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.
Source: CNN "Researchers report possible HIV infection cure; others cite dangers"
-@BodiesExhibit |
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